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<title>SSL and TDS</title>
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<h2>How to enable encryption on MSSQL</h2>

<h3>Under Linux (or any system that have openssl)</h3>

<pre>
# create a file containing key and self-signed certificate
openssl req \
  -x509 -nodes -days 365 \
  -newkey rsa:1024 -keyout mycert.pem -out mycert.pem

# export mycert.pem as PKCS#12 file, mycert.pfx
openssl pkcs12 -export \
  -out mycert.pfx -in mycert.pem \
  -name "My Certificate"
</pre>

<p>So we created a mycert.pfx certificate ready to be imported

<h3>Under Windows</h3>

<p>Open MMC and add certificates snap-in, add our certificate under <b>personal</b> and under <b>ca root</b> (to validate it)

<p>Add to the registry the thumbprint of our certificato so to be used by mssql. For examples

<pre>
REGEDIT4

[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\MSSQLServer\MSSQLServer\SuperSocketNetLib]
"Certificate"=hex:DD,5F,6C,EE,47,8E,0C,C0,74,8B,C4,71,8D,87,1C,E6,07,20,F2,28
</pre>

<p>Restart MSSQL

<p>Check event viewer for results

<h2>Encryption protocol</h2>

<p>Prelogin packet (tds 7.1 only)

<p>&gt;From client to server

<pre>
00000000  12 01 00 34 00 00 00 00  00 00 15 00 06 01 00 1b ...4.... ........
00000010  00 01 02 00 1c 00 0c 03  00 28 00 04 ff 08 00 01 ........ .(......
00000020  55 00 00 01 4d 53 53 51  4c 53 65 72 76 65 72 00 U...MSSQ LServer.
00000030  38 09 00 00                                      8...
</pre>

<table border=1>
 <tr><th>Header</th><th>Description</th><th>Value</th></tr>
 <tr><td>
  00 00 15 00 06
 </td><td>
  netlib version (0) start from 0x15 length 0x06
 </td><td>
  8.341.0
 </td></tr>
 <tr><td>
  01 00 1b 00 01
 </td><td>
  encrypt flag (1) start from 0x1b length 0x01
 </td><td>
  1, see below
 </td></tr>
 <tr><td>
  02 00 1c 00 0c
 </td><td>
  instance name (2) start from 0x1c length 0x0c
 </td><td>
  "MSSQLServer\0"
  (as you note string is null terminated)
 </td></tr>
 <tr><td>
  03 00 28 00 04
 </td><td>
  process id (3) start from 0x28 length 0x04
 </td><td>
  0x938 (why in little endian ??)
 </td></tr>
 <tr><td>
  ff
 </td><td>
  end
 </td><td>
  &nbsp;
 </td></tr>
</table>

<p>Meaning of encryption flag (client):
<ul>
<li>0x00 normal
<li>0x01 high encryption (128 bit ??)
</ul>

<p>MSSQL 2005 have 9.0.0 as a version and have a single byte option 4 (always seen as zero, I don't know the meaning).

<p>&gt;From server to client

<p>Similar

<table border=1>
 <tr><th>Header</th><th>Description</th><th>Value</th></tr>
 <tr><td>
   00 00 15 00 06
 </td><td>
   version (0) start from 0x15 length 0x06
 </td><td>
   8.0.760.0
 </td></tr>
 <tr><td>
  01 00 1b 00 01 
 </td><td>
   encrypt flag (1) start from 0x1b length 0x01
 </td><td>
   1, see below
 </td></tr>
 <tr><td>
   02 00 1c 00 01 
 </td><td>
   instance name (2) start from 0x1c length 0x01
 </td><td>
   "\0" (still null terminatted)
 </td></tr>
 <tr><td>
   03 00 1d 00 00 
 </td><td>
   process id (3) start from 0x1d length 0x0
 </td><td>
    no info
 </td></tr>
 <tr><td>
   ff
 </td><td>
   end
 </td><td>
   &nbsp;
 </td></tr>
</table>

<p>Meaning of encryption flag (server):
<ul>
<li>0x02, no certificate, no encryption required
  just do normal jobs (like FreeTDS)
<li>0x00, certificate, no force flag on server,
  prelogin to see certificate (TLS 1.0, not SSL 2 or 3 !!)
  login encrypted, after login do normal TDS (not
  encrypted)
<li>0x01, certificate, high encryption required by client
  prelogin to see certificate
  login encrypted, after login changed crypt (my client close connection
perhaps a configuration problem...)
<li>0x03, certificate enabled, force encryption configured on server
  prelogin like 0x00, remains in SSL after login
</ul>

<p>Note that mssql2k unpatched do not set last packet flag (byte 2) for this packet.

<p>Following a valid encrypted connection (0x00 from server, no force)

<p>&gt;From client to server
<pre>
00000034  12 01 00 46 00 00 00 00  16 03 01 00 39 01 00 00 ...F.... ....9...
00000044  35 03 01 41 b9 5e 02 f8  7d 45 81 31 d9 73 9e 93 5..A.^.. }E.1.s..
00000054  91 b2 dd f4 4a 80 a3 92  a8 0f aa 67 32 8a 72 6d ....J... ...g2.rm
00000064  4b 22 07 00 00 0e 00 09  00 64 00 62 00 03 00 06 K"...... .d.b....
00000074  00 12 00 63 01 00                                ...c..
</pre>

<p>prelogin packet (0x12), content TLS 1.0 (you can see a ClientHell0, see RFC 2246)

<p>&gt;From server to client
<pre>
00000025  04 01 03 da 00 00 01 00  16 03 01 03 cd 02 00 00 ........ ........
00000035  46 03 01 41 b9 5e 03 4b  c1 bf 9b a5 7d 83 74 57 F..A.^.K ....}.tW
00000045  00 03 de b5 fb fc 4d f8  84 15 ce 07 d9 ab fe 2b ......M. .......+
00000055  57 3c ad 20 96 10 00 00  6f 31 af e4 17 ae 2a 2b W&lt;. .... o1....*+
00000065  37 29 0e 57 8a 4d 1d 32  aa d9 ed 62 6b 3d 3c d1 7).W.M.2 ...bk=&lt;.
00000075  d1 c6 a9 cb 00 09 00 0b  00 03 7b 00 03 78 00 03 ........ ..{..x..
00000085  75 30 82 03 71 30 82 02  da a0 03 02 01 02 02 01 u0..q0.. ........
00000095  00 30 0d 06 09 2a 86 48  86 f7 0d 01 01 04 05 00 .0...*.H ........
000000A5  30 81 88 31 0b 30 09 06  03 55 04 06 13 02 49 54 0..1.0.. .U....IT
000000B5  31 10 30 0e 06 03 55 04  08 13 07 42 6f 6c 6f 67 1.0...U. ...Bolog
000000C5  6e 61 31 10 30 0e 06 03  55 04 07 13 07 42 6f 6c na1.0... U....Bol
... omissis...
</pre>

<p>normal reply packet (0x4), ServerHello(2), content TLS (certificate).

<p>NOTE: if server send certificate request client (MS ODBC) crash so I think this is not supported.

<p>&gt;From client to server
<pre>
0000007A  12 01 00 c6 00 00 00 00  16 03 01 00 86 10 00 00 ........ ........
0000008A  82 00 80 3a c6 96 ba 55  ce 8e 4b a4 e2 d7 b7 bd ...:...U ..K.....
0000009A  5d 5e f4 28 30 c6 c7 b9  4e 66 60 80 45 ce cb 4e ]^.(0... Nf`.E..N
000000AA  f6 f7 91 d7 9b 05 79 f8  ad f7 c7 13 77 36 cb 8c ......y. ....w6..
000000BA  04 58 33 3f 51 c8 0a bb  6a 95 8f 65 a1 e9 74 c5 .X3?Q... j..e..t.
000000CA  c9 c6 4a 11 b1 36 87 84  f2 96 82 d0 19 8a dd dc ..J..6.. ........
000000DA  d1 32 6a 32 ab 73 47 76  58 69 16 fd 9f 0b bd d7 .2j2.sGv Xi......
000000EA  72 79 a7 86 9a 71 2b 70  9a d1 8f e2 54 63 46 81 ry...q+p ....TcF.
000000FA  3e 6d 8a f7 8d 2e 26 02  3f 2d 0c a1 bc 63 ac 0a &gt;m....&amp;. ?-...c..
0000010A  8a 38 0e 14 03 01 00 01  01 16 03 01 00 28 12 09 .8...... .....(..
0000011A  d5 2d 93 8c 60 aa ae ec  e3 9b 2b 3c 27 63 46 ad .-..`... ..+&lt;'cF.
0000012A  b1 b9 3d 1e 06 60 18 49  6d bb 76 80 8b 7b 51 70 ..=..`.I m.v..{Qp
0000013A  b7 79 14 b8 ba 62                                .y...b
</pre>

<p>prelogin (0x12), still TLS handshake, client_key_exchange (??) (0x16,
0x10), change crypt (0x14), handshake (crypted)

<p>&gt;From server to client
<pre>
000003FF  04 01 00 3b 00 00 01 00  14 03 01 00 01 01 16 03 ...;.... ........
0000040F  01 00 28 96 3c 2e 41 42  09 d3 a8 77 82 19 7f 4b ..(.&lt;.AB ...w...K
0000041F  ac 04 b8 96 4b f1 65 c2  35 9e ef 6a 1d c2 41 2d ....K.e. 5..j..A-
0000042F  a3 98 b8 2b 5c 0f 40 d1  98 b0 1e                ...+\.@. ...
</pre>

<p>normal reply (0x4), still TLS

<p>0x14 means change crypt, followed by 0x16 (handshake crypted).

<p>&gt;From client to server
<pre>
00000140  17 03 01 01 08 d7 3a b5  c3 fd a7 4d 14 b7 ce c7 ......:. ...M....
00000150  c6 6f f3 c5 03 1c 5c 86  7b 15 98 45 2a 93 73 c7 .o....\. {..E*.s.
00000160  72 75 72 23 c2 11 20 7d  5c b1 be e7 ac 72 ac b3 rur#.. } \....r..
00000170  47 41 4f 45 d8 fa 22 2b  94 b1 67 a5 7f de af 96 GAOE.."+ ..g.....
00000180  05 ad bb fc e4 33 66 3a  a2 f1 8d c5 5f 84 8b 38 .....3f: ...._..8
00000190  86 b0 df e8 87 e7 2c 26  e6 c0 66 2e b1 53 86 40 ......,&amp; ..f..S.@
000001A0  98 0d 9e 2f 49 0b 17 b2  9d 55 d3 e3 7e 08 ca b9 .../I... .U..~...
000001B0  de 62 87 23 14 98 6e 10  d0 dd c2 94 70 4c 33 4b .b.#..n. ....pL3K
000001C0  09 8d b8 46 e5 a2 31 52  4d 89 06 b2 10 a8 ed b0 ...F..1R M.......
000001D0  a8 21 02 79 ab 99 de 67  28 a3 6c ea 18 88 b5 63 .!.y...g (.l....c
000001E0  02 ab f4 a1 78 0d 83 ec  b6 7b 61 7d 42 d2 38 bb ....x... .{a}B.8.
000001F0  50 fc e1 9e 1e e0 51 69  93 ea 05 9f d5 a4 a8 2b P.....Qi .......+
00000200  18 7f 79 4f 29 1a c0 35  3c 55 83 b0 9f af b7 de ..yO)..5 &lt;U......
00000210  6d 2d 12 fa 27 ef 28 6b  a9 83 12 e6 a1 09 58 00 m-..'.(k ......X.
00000220  30 b3 3d f0 60 00 97 84  ee 28 b0 ae 31 78 50 d7 0.=.`... .(..1xP.
00000230  85 82 19 9f 57 ca a6 1c  d2 81 0f 6b 2d fb 47 41 ....W... ...k-.GA
00000240  37 58 8a ba 4f 38 f6 00  23 24 56 c2 35          7X..O8.. #$V.5
</pre>

<p>Well... you can note that this it's not a TDS packet !!! This is
a fully crypted packet (login packet).

<p>&gt;From server to client
<pre>
0000043A  04 01 01 79 00 33 01 00  e3 1b 00 01 06 6d 00 61 ...y.3.. .....m.a
0000044A  00 73 00 74 00 65 00 72  00 06 6d 00 61 00 73 00 .s.t.e.r ..m.a.s.
0000045A  74 00 65 00 72 00 ab 66  00 45 16 00 00 02 00 25 t.e.r..f .E.....%
0000046A  00 43 00 68 00 61 00 6e  00 67 00 65 00 64 00 20 .C.h.a.n .g.e.d. 
0000047A  00 64 00 61 00 74 00 61  00 62 00 61 00 73 00 65 .d.a.t.a .b.a.s.e
0000048A  00 20 00 63 00 6f 00 6e  00 74 00 65 00 78 00 74 . .c.o.n .t.e.x.t
0000049A  00 20 00 74 00 6f 00 20  00 27 00 6d 00 61 00 73 . .t.o.  .'.m.a.s
... omissis ...
</pre>

<p>Now normal data follow. In this case server used flag 0 (see above).

<p>With force login (0x03 from server) after crypted login packet server
and client continue to keep encrypting full packets

<p>Note that uncrypted packets are still splitted using packet size selected during
login (that is usually 4096 bytes).

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